110 Ethnic sorting in football ethnic background. If this individual is born in the Netherlands, the country of birth of the mother is used first and the country of birth of the father is used second. Ingroup share and outgroup fractionalization In this chapter I use the same measure for ingroup share and outgroup fractionalization as used in chapter 4. In short, ingroup share is measured as the percentage of club members belonging to one’s own ethnic category, ranging from 0 to 100. Outgroup fractionalization is measured using the HerfindahlHirschman Index (Hirschman, 1964). This is done by taking the sum of squared proportion of each of the eleven ethnic outgroups, multiplying it by 100 and then subtracting it from 100. This creates a measure that ranges from 0 to 100 and expresses the percentual chance that two randomly selected club members from one’s outgroup have a different ethnic background. 5.4 Results The mean change in ingroup share and outgroup fractionalization for all twelve ethnic backgrounds are presented in table 5.1. Positive values indicate that transfers between club on average raise one’s ingroup share or outgroup fractionalization, while negative values mean the opposite holds true. When we first look at the figures for ingroup share, we notice that the mean differences between members’ old clubs and new clubs for each group are small. Most values approach zero, while ingroup share is measured on a 100-point scale. Furthermore, the findings do not point in a single direction. While most groups show a miniscule positive mean change in ingroup share, for some groups the mean change is, in fact, negative. While we may assume that sorting is strongest for the largest, single nationality groups (i.e., members with either Dutch, Turkish, Moroccan or Surinamese backgrounds), restricting our focus on these six groups does not change the outcomes. Overall, the results indicate that transfers between clubs do not substantially heighten ingroup shares of members and therefore do not contribute to the niche formation or ethnic segregation of clubs. Consequently, my expectations that transfers on average heighten the transferee’s ingroup share (expectation 1) and that this effect differs between minority groups and the majority group (expectation 3A and 3B), must be refuted.
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