306 studies are needed to further elucidate this relationship, for example through in vitro modeling of host-microbe interactions using bacteria-gut epithelial co-culture systems.6 In this way, the influence of specific bacterial species on epithelial markers for intestinal permeability may give more fundamental insight into this complex association. In conclusion, we show that a moderate positive correlation exists between 52Cr-EDTAmeasured intestinal permeability and fecal calprotectin levels. In addition, we demonstrate interesting, though non-significant correlations between intestinal permeability and two key gut bacterial species, suggesting the possibility of a relationship between dysbiosis and permeability. Future studies should primarily focus on the utility of orally administered 52Cr-EDTA as measure of intestinal permeability in relation to endoscopic disease activity and its potential role as predictor of CD disease exacerbations. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Ronald Maatman and research technician Harry Wanschers from ‘Medlon Medische Diagnostiek’ in Enschede. We also want to thank Hassan Alkhalifah for contributing to the FISH analysis. Conflicts of Interest All authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Funding The research position of drs. J.Z.H. vonMartels is financed by theTop Institute of Food andNutrition (TIFN) in Wageningen and the Center for Development & Innovation of the University Medical Center Groningen. The research position of Arno R. Bourgonje is supported by a JSM MD-PhD trajectory grant (grant number: 17-57) from the Junior Scientific Masterclass of the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Data Availability All relevant data are contained within the paper. Chapter 9
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