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214 Acknowledgements All authors would like to express their gratitude towards all participants of the 1000IBD cohort. In addition, the authors would like to thank Kate McIntyre (Scientific Editor, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen) for language editing, and Ren Mao for his kind suggestions on figure styling and structural improvements (Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China). Data availability The datasets used and/or analyzed for the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The data for the Groningen 1000IBD cohort can be requested with the accession number EGAS00001002702 (IDs: EGAD00001003991, EGAD00001008214, and EGAD00001008215). Code availability All analytic code used for this study can be found at the following link: https://github.com/GRONINGEN-MICROBIOME-CENTRE/Groningen-Microbiome/tree/master/ Projects/IBD_biopsy_project. Funding RKW is supported by the Seerave foundation and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. LMS is supported by Takeda. ARB is supported by an MD-PhD trajectory grant (grant no. 17-57) from the Junior Scientific Masterclass (JSM) of the University of Groningen the Netherlands. This study was funded by Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Conflicts of Interest RKW acted as consultant for Takeda, received unrestricted research grants from Takeda, Johnson & Johnson, Tramedico and Ferring and received speaker fees from MSD, Abbvie, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. GD received an unrestricted research grant from Takeda and speaker fees from Pfizer and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. All other authors declare no competing interests. Authors’ contributions Conceptualization: RKW. Investigation: SH, ARB, RG, BHJ, RM, AB, IJH, JRB, HJMH, AVV, LMS and RKW. Methodology: SH, ARB, RG, BHJ, RM, IJH, JRB, HJMH, AVV, LMS and RKW. Funding acquisition: RKW. Supervision: EAMF, AVV, LMS and RKW. Writing - original manuscript: SH, ARB and LMS. Writing - review and editing: all authors. Chapter 6

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