138 Petersen, A.M., Halkjær, S.I., and Gluud, L.L. (2015). Intestinal colonization with phylogenetic group B2 Escherichia coli related to inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 50, 1199-207. 10.3109/00365521.2015.1028993. Lodes, M.J., Cong, Y., Elson, C.O., Mohamath, R., Landers, C.J., Targan, S.R., Fort, M., and Hershberg, R.M. (2004). Bacterial flagellin is a dominant antigen in Crohn disease. J. Clin. Invest. 113, 1296-306. 10.1172/ JCI20295. Christmann, B.S., Abrahamsson, T.R., Bernstein, C.N., Duck, L.W., Mannon, P.J., Berg, G., Björkstén, B., Jenmalm, M.C., and Elson, C.O. (2015). Human seroreactivity to gut microbiota antigens. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 136, 1378-86.e1-5. 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.036. Angkeow, J.W., Monaco, D.R., Chen, A., Venkataraman, T., Jayaraman, S., Valencia, C., Sie, B.M., Liechti, T., Farhadi, P.N., Funez-dePagnier, G., et al. (2021). Prevalence, persistence, and genetics of antibody responses to protein toxins and virulence factors. bioRxiv, 10.1101/2021.10.01.462481. Alexander, K.T., Zhao, Q., Reif, M., Rosenberg, A.F., Mannon, P.J., Duck, L.W., and Elson, C.O. (2021). Human Microbiota Flagellins Drive Adaptive Immune Responses in Crohn’s Disease. Gastroenterology 161, 522535.e6. 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.03.064. Sokol, H., Pigneur, B., Watterlot, L., Lakhdari, O., Bermúdez-Humarán, L.G., Gratadoux, J.J., Blugeon, S., Bridonneau, C., Furet, J.P., Corthier, G., et al. (2008). Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105, 16731-6. 10.1073/pnas.0804812105. Furusawa, Y., Obata, Y., Fukuda, S., Endo, T.A., Nakato, G., Takahashi, D., Nakanishi, Y., Uetake, C., Kato, K., Kato, T., et al. (2013). Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells. Nature 504, 446-50. 10.1038/nature12721. Arnott, I.D., Landers, C.J., Nimmo, E.J., Drummond, H.E., Smith, B.K.R., Targan, S.R., and Satsangi, J. (2004). Sero-reactivity to microbial components in Crohn’s disease is associated with disease severity and progression, but not NOD2/CARD15 genotype. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99, 2376-84. 10.1111/j.15720241.2004.40417.x. Zhao, Q., Duck, L.W., Huang, F., Alexander, K.L., Maynard, C.L., Mannon, P.J., and Elson, C.O. (2020). CD4+ T cell activation and concomitant mTOR metabolic inhibition can ablate microbiota-specific memory cells and prevent colitis. Sci. Immunol. 5, eabc6373. 10.1126/sciimmunol.abc6373. Choung, R.S., Princen, F., Stockfisch, T.P., Torres, J., Maue, A.C., Porter, C.K., Leon, F., De Vroey, B., Singh, S., Riddle, M.S., et al. (2016). Serologic microbial associated markers can predict Crohn’s disease behaviour years before disease diagnosis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 43, 1300-10. 10.1111/apt.13641. van Schaik, F.D., Oldenburg, B., Hart, A.R., Siersema, P.D., Lindgren, S., Grip, O., Teucher, B., Kaaks, R., Bergmann, M.M., Boeing, H., et al. (2013). Serological markers predict inflammatory bowel disease years before the diagnosis. Gut 62, 683-8. 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302717. Torres, J., Petralia, F., Sato, T., Wang, P., Telesco, S.E., Choung, R.S., Strauss, R., Li, X.J., Laird, R.M., Gutierrez, R.L., et al. (2020). Serum Biomarkers Identify Patients Who Will Develop Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Up to 5 Years Before Diagnosis. Gastroenterology 159, 96-104. 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.007. Lee, S.H., Turpin, W., Espin-Garcia, O., Raygoza Garay, J.A., Smith, M.I., Leibovitzh, H., Goethel, A., Turner, D., Mack, D., Deslandres, C., et al. (2021). Anti-Microbial Antibody Response is Associated With Future Onset of Crohn’s Disease Independent of Biomarkers of Altered Gut Barrier Function, Subclinical Inflammation, and Genetic Risk. Gastroenterology 161, 1540-1551. 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.07.009. Herold, K.C., Bundy, B.N., Long, S.A., Bluestone, J.A., DiMeglio, L.A., Dufort, M.J., Gitelman, S.E., Gottlieb, P.A., Krischer, J.P., Linsley, P.S., et al. (2019). An Anti-CD3 Antibody, Teplizumab, in Relatives at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 381, 603-613. 10.1056/NEJMoa1902226. 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Chapter 4
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjY0ODMw