32 Chapter 2 text of the development and/or validation article could not be retrieved (N = 65). Excluded questionnaires were categorized according to symptoms. The remaining 155 questionnaires were included. One hundred forty-nine studies were included in our analyses, because several studies presented more than one questionnaire. The questionnaires were categorized based on the primary symptom of interest. This resulted in the following classification: 33 tinnitus questionnaires, 23 vertigo questionnaires, 84 hearing loss questionnaires, and 15 multiple complaint questionnaires (i.e., ≥3 symptoms of interest). Within these symptom categories, a subdivision was made based on the target population of the different questionnaires (Table 3). The majority of identified hearing loss questionnaires were designed for patients with sensorineural hearing loss using hearing aids or cochlear implants. Questionnaires for patients with autophony, hyperacusis, and patulous Eustachian tube completed this category. Thirty-three questionnaires have been designed for tinnitus sufferers. Unlike hearing loss questionnaires, tinnitus questionnaires do not pertain to specific patient groups, e.g., vestibular schwannoma or Meniere’s disease patients. Questionnaires specific for vestibular schwannoma or Meniere’s disease patients do exist. However, these questionnaires, together with symptom-specific questionnaires on otitis media, Eustachian tube dysfunction, and superior canal dehiscence, were categorized as multiple complaint questionnaires. Other multiple complaint questionnaires focused on dizziness, patients with a cochlear implant, or were designed as generic otology questionnaires. Most vertigo questionnaires did not relate to a specific condition. However, disease-specific questionnaires for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, visual vertigo, persistent postural positional vertigo, motion sickness, and simulator sickness were also identified. An overview of all included questionnaires is presented together with the first author name, year of publication, institution and country of development, a description of the construct assessed by the questionnaire, demographics of the study population of the development/ validation study, methods of item generation, and the existing validated translations (Additional online files 4, 5, 6 and 7, link at the end of the chapter). However, the following conclusions can be drawn from the data as reported in the additional online files 4, 5, 6 and 7. First, in every symptom category, more questionnaires have been developed in the last 20 years than prior to this period: tinnitus (23 out of 33 were developed between 2000 and 2020), vertigo (13 out of 23), hearing loss (50 out of 84), and multiple complaints (13 out of 14). Long questionnaires (<60 items) are no longer conventional. In general, newly developed questionnaires are shorter (<40 items) and many existing questionnaires have been shortened. Furthermore, existing questionnaires are often used in the development of new questionnaires. Some questionnaires are composed out of items from various existing questionnaires, and sometimes a new questionnaire is generated by replacing a single word (i.e., the construct of interest) in every item of an existing questionnaire.
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